11. In Animals in Art and Thought Francis Klingender discusses these various attitudes in a survey which ranges from prehistoric cave art to the later Middle Ages. ‘It would seem that the definitions “Beauty is life,” “Beautiful are all things in which we see life as, according to our conceptions, it should be,” “Beautiful is an object which expresses life or reminds us of it” give a satisfactory explanation of all the ways in which the feeling of beauty is roused in us.’ [18]. It will be necessary at a later stage to enquire whether this assumption is valid in so individual, so richly varied and so constantly changing a sphere as art. Translating this example into more familiar terms we may ask: which are more significant, aesthetically and from every other point of view, Shakespeare’s plays or Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare? His final views are expressed in a letter which he wrote in 1924 to the Poet Laureate Robert Bridges: ‘I very early became convinced that our emotions before works of art were of many kinds and that we failed as a rule to distinguish the nature of the mixture and I set to work by introspection to discover what the different elements of these compound emotions might be and to try to get at the most constant, unchanging, and therefore I suppose fundamental emotion. Francis Klingender: 'Content and Form in Art' 1935. The name Mikhail Lifshits (1905–83) will probably mean little to most English-speaking readers. Such works will be, as it were, composed on themes set by life.’. André Breton: from the First Manifesto of Surrealism 1924. Nevertheless, he bases his analysis exclusively on what he takes to be the psychology of the individual, or rather of ‘man’ in the abstract. As Francis Klingender states in . The Materiality of Exhibition Photography in the Modernist Era: Form, Content, Consequence. Realism as Critique. 21 24 25 Introduction First writing assignment – what is art? Only the aesthetes still assert that art is superior to life and to reality.’, Chernyshevski sums up by stating that it is the essential function of art ‘to reproduce everything that interests man in life’. Art and Merchandise in Keith Haring’s Pop Shop ... 2020. For in art the particular becomes the general, the general reveals itself in the particular, and it is the unity of the particular and the general, expressed in the unity of content and form, which makes art an inexhaustible source of significant experience. It can indicate form as well as movement. In other words, it refers to the form and not to the content of the artist’s work. Wood This popular anthology of twentieth-century art theoretical texts has now been expanded to take account of new research, and to include significant contributions to art theory from the 1990s. In other words, the interval of reflection which Fry claims as the distinguishing feature of artistic perception, is just as essential in any behaviour that can be subjected to a moral test. But from about 1870 onwards, as the pressure increased, this critical attitude was more and more replaced by assumed indifference, the artist retreated into ever remoter realms of ‘purely’ aesthetic experience, and the further he retreated, the more rapidly did the sweets he coveted turn to ashes in his mouth. It is one of the main points of the Essay in Aesthetics that art has nothing whatever to do with morals. They, too, can obtain general significance only through a profound reflection of the particular. by Klingender, Francis D., 1907-1955 and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. In this respect the images created by art resemble beautiful objects in nature. Genre/Form: History: Additional Physical Format: Online version: Klingender, F.D. ‘The usual assumption of a direct and decisive connection between life and art is by no means correct’, he told the Fabian Society in 1917, ‘if we consider this special spiritual activity of art we find it no doubt open at times to influences from life, but in the main self-contained – we find the rhythmic sequences of change determined more by its own internal forces – and by the readjustment within it of its own elements – than by external forces. Both imply an ideal realm of ‘beauty’ or ‘pure form’ which is superior to the ordinary life of men. Nor can we derive much help from the conception of art which the Victorians admired in Tennyson: It is the artist’s mission to console his fellow men, ‘even as the calm, gentle, self-reliant physician inspires the fevered sufferer’ by ‘throwing a divine grace over the happier emotions’; he should ‘transport them from the cankering cares of daily life, the perplexities and confusion of their philosophies, the weariness of their haunting thoughts, to some entirely new field of existence, to some place of rest, some “clear walled city by the sea” where they can draw a serene air undimmed by the clouds and smoke which infest their ordinary existence.’ [17] We may agree with the formalists that the artist who makes his work an opium for the people is a traitor to his calling. Located in Sydney, Tim Klingender Fine Art is an international business providing a range of services to the primary and secondary art markets. Realism as Critique. Structures and circuits begin to appear, surfacing a place for gathering and conjuring. Adolf Hitler: Speech Inaugurating the ‘Great Exhibition of German Art' 1937. But an idea can never be fully realised in a particular thing and therefore art, which aims at ideal perfection, always contains an element of myth or illusion. But who would claim that science does not lead to responsive action or that it is ‘freed from the binding necessities of our actual existence’? Chernyshevski’s conception of the moral function of art has nothing in common with that of Tennyson: ‘The attitude of some people to the phenomena of life consists almost entirely in a preference for certain aspects of reality and avoidance of others. Grant Wood: from Revolt Against the City 1935. But it is when he defines the specific manner in which art reproduces reality that Chernyshevski differs most radically from the assumptions on which Fry’s analysis, in common with all other idealist systems of aesthetics, are based. (Francis Donald). Adolf Hitler: Speech Inaugurating the 'Great Exhibition of German Art' 1937. Beauty as the unity of idea and image, or as the perfect realization of an idea, is the aim of art in the widest possible sense of the term, the aim of all skill; it is, in fact, the aim of all practical activities of man.’. But had they not been drawn for us by men of genius, our own conclusions would be even more narrow and inadequate. It can describe edges. the reflex behaviour inherited from the pre-human stage of our evolution – ends. Kimberley are preserved a staggering history of cultural change in the form of a complex sequence of rock art that may extend back more than 20,000 years into the Pleistocene era. Adolf Hitler: Speech Inaugurating the ‘Great Exhibition of German Art' 1937. Night Workers. This does not mean that a work of art can always be justly valued in terms of the moral standards ruling at the time – on the contrary, one need only think of Goya’s Caprichos or of a book like The Grapes of Wrath to realize how often art has been an indictment of those standards. But in reproducing life, the artist also, consciously or unconsciously, expresses his opinion of it, and it is by virtue of this that ‘art becomes a moral activity of man.’. Satta Hashem, email to Suheyla Takesh, November 25, 2017. “Larwill had a great eye and all the works in his collection are beautifully provenanced,” says Tim Klingender, the Sydney-based senior consultant of Australian art to Sotheby’s New York. The statement that it is the function of art to reproduce everything that interests man in life implies that the particular image created must be ‘of interest to man generally and not merely to the artist’. Harrison and Wood, 437. To rid himself of that ‘obsession’ was the main preoccupation of his later thought. I also conceived that the spectator in contemplating the form must inevitably travel in the opposite direction along the same road which the artist had taken, and himself feel the original emotion. Realism as Critique: Leon Trotsky: from Literature and Revolution 1922-23. London : Paladin, 1972, ©1968 Klingender's father, Louis Henry Weston Klingender (1861-1950), a native of Liverpool, was a painter of animals, a subject which the younger Klingender would return to himself late in life. Grant Wood: from Revolt Against the City 1935. But it does mean that society cannot be indifferent whether a given work of art inspires by its profound insight, whether it stirs to action, whether it soothes and refreshes, or whether, on the other hand, it opiates and disrupts. It is by now a commonplace that individual and … 11. Artistic contemplation, being removed from action, is thereby released from all moral ties. Adolf Hitler: Speech Inaugurating the 'Great Exhibition of German Art' 1937. This mythical element is progressively destroyed by the advance of science which, consequently, results in a decline of art. … Both agree that the real world in its rich and concrete actuality has no aesthetic significance. Grant Wood: from Revolt Against the City 1935. See Francis D. Klingender, Marxism and Modern Art: An Approach to Social Realism (1943; repr. I admit that there is also a queer hybrid art of sense and illustration, but it can only arouse particular and definitely conditioned emotions, whereas the emotions of music and pure painting and poetry when it approaches purity are really free abstract and universal.’ [2]. Wood This popular anthology of twentieth-century art theoretical texts has now been expanded to take account of new research, and to include significant contributions to art theory from the 1990s. Her spunky sculptures look like doodles formed in 2D, which relate back to her formal training in painting and drawing. Frogmore, St. Albans: Paladin, 1975, reprinted, xv, 272pp., PAPERBACK, good used reading copy BUT black ink marks mostly in margins on about 19 pages towards start of book. Far from being more significant, the general can only be a pale reflection of the particular, an insubstantial shadow of its rich and vital individuality. In terms of art, line is considered to be a moving dot. Dec. 31st, 2020. Marxist art historian of British art; employed Kunstsoziologie in his writings. Within the oldest art forms can be seen It is therefore necessary to amplify the previous definition of the function of form in art – the complete expression of the artist’s aim – by stating: to paint, model, write, compose, act, film, etc., beautifully means so to express the particular that it attains general significance. ‘I want to find out what the function of content is,’ he wrote in 1913 to G. L. Dickinson, ‘and am developing a theory... that it is merely directive of form and that all the essential aesthetic quality has to do with pure form. But, as Chernyshevski points out, ‘alcohol is not wine’. 35. 36. These theories are not, however, the products of perverse reasoning – they merely reflect what has actually been happening in English art since about 1910. But there was also another side in Tennyson’s work. The quality which is most striking in The Palace of Art is its ambiguity. Francis Klingender: 'Content and Form in Art' 1935. André Breton: from the First Manifesto of Surrealism 1924. The same applies to the theories put forward by Fry’s successors: those who regard art as an emanation of the ‘sub-conscious’ exclude the whole vast realm of human consciousness; while the advocates of a biological ‘sense of form’ reduce art to the level of a pre-human, because pre-social, reflex. Whereas in ordinary life perception is followed by responsive action – the sight of a bull rushing towards us makes us turn to instant flight – Fry claims that artistic perception is of the kind we experience when we see the bull, not in the flesh, but on the screen of a cinema: we enjoy the emotion of fear because we need not act upon it. He might attempt to compose an ideal figure embodying courage, toughness, a weather-beaten appearance, all those general qualities, in short, which the experience of desert warfare has imprinted on each member of that veteran force. Tennyson became the Laureate of the Victorians because, on the surface at least, he spurned the blandishments of art for art’s sake and accepted the ‘mission’ of teaching and consoling his fellow men. André Breton: from the First Manifesto of Surrealism 1924. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1975); and Francis D. Klingender, “Content and Form in Art,” in Art in Theory, 1900-2000, ed. From this there was but a small step to the position Fry maintained in his post-war essays and letters, where he defines art as a ‘spiritual exercise’, as remote from actual life as ‘the most useless mathematical theory’, but of ‘infinite importance’ to those who experience it. In Animals in Art and Thought Francis Klingender discusses these various attitudes in a survey which ranges from prehistoric cave art to the later Middle Ages. … In his pictures or novels, poems or plays such a man will bring up or solve some problem with which life faces thinking men and women. There have always been artists who have taken the opposite view of art and of its relation to reality. Form in relation to positive and negative space . I admit, of course, that it is always conditioned more or less by economic changes, but these are rather conditions of its existence at all than directive influences. Compared with the degradation of art, when it served as the mouthpiece of Victorian cant, the doctrine of art for art’s sake was a great step forward. 11. The Procaccini and the Business of Painting in Early Modern Milan. The image that would result from such an attempt to distil only what is general from a multitude of living individuals, would be of the type which is only too familiar from hundreds of war memorials up and down the country. Louis Aragon: from Paris Peasant 1924. Realism as Critique: Leon Trotsky: from Literature and Revolution 1922-23. Animals in art and thought. Thus, according to Chernyshevski, the significance of a work of art is proportional to the comprehensiveness and truthfulness with which it faces and attempts to solve the problems set by life. Revised and extended edition, edited and revised by Arthur Elton. Chernyshevski’s thesis is an attack on the aesthetic theory of philosophical idealism, especially its classical culmination in the work of Hegel and his follower F. T. Vischer. Leon Trotsky: from Literature and Revolution 1922-23. For the moment let us note that it entails a great impoverishment: by restricting aesthetic feeling to ‘pure’ form, i.e. Francis Klingender: ‘Content and Form in Art' 1935. Animals in Art and Thought to the End a/the Middle Ages: the wily stratagems of the fox, part hero, part villain, appealed to all classes of society. READ: Edouard Glissant “The Black Beach”; Diego Rivera "The Revolutionary Spirit"(421-424); Maya Lin "Untitled Statements" (524-5); Arthur Danto "The Abuse of Beauty" ; Clifford Geertz "Art … Chernyshevski’s conception of ‘life’ as the content of art is thus dynamic, dialectical, it is the struggle of life, life as it is in reality and not in blissful dreams. It is not difficult to explain this seeming paradox; for if one examines Tennyson’s work one soon discovers that the ‘others’ with whom he returned to his Palace were neither the people at large, nor the ‘few elect’, but the Victorian middle class. In 1909 Fry still seems to have felt this, for he was prepared to accept the idealist point of view that life, far from being the touchstone of aesthetic value, should, on the contrary, itself be judged by the standards of art: ‘It might even be’, he wrote, ‘that from this point of view we should rather justify actual life by its relation to the imaginative, justify nature by its likeness to art. … Klingender was a British Marxist whose life spanned the first half of the twentieth century. It’s horribly difficult to analyse out of all the complex feelings just this one peculiar feeling, but I think that in proportion as poetry becomes more intense the content is entirely remade by the form and has no separate value at all. Art in Theory, 1900–2000: An Anthology of Changing Ideas Charles Harrison , Paul J. The minds of such people are not very active and if a person of this type happens to be a poet or an artist, his work will have no significance beyond reproducing the particular aspects of life which he prefers. The assumption which is inherent in all idealist theories of aesthetics, including formalism, that the general is necessarily more fundamental and significant than the particular is thus a fallacy. It follows that art, too, far from being superior to reality, can only be a pale reflection of it: ‘All that finds expression in science and art can be found in life in a more perfect and complete form, with all those vital details in which the true meaning of the matter usually lies and which are often not understood and even more often disregarded by science and art. David A. Siqueiros: 'Towards a Transformation of the Plastic Arts' 1934. Consequently, when Fry restated his theory in 1920 (essay ‘Retrospect’ in Vision and Design), he discarded the emotions of life and confined aesthetic feeling to what Clive Bell had meanwhile called ‘significant form’. Of all the critics who have helped to mould our present standards of appreciation none can equal the influence of Roger Fry, the founder of British post-impressionism. 11. Francis Klingender: 'Content and Form in Art' 1935. What did he teach concerning the nature of art and its relation to life? Art is thus a striking and at the same time a peculiarly revealing illustration of the key conception of dialectics, the unity of opposites. Our specialist interests are Australian Indigenous Art, Australian Art, Oceanic Art, Modern and Contemporary Art. ‘Everything that interests man in life’ includes the ugly, as well as the beautiful, the forces that frustrate and crush life, as well as those that support it, death as well as life. "This pioneer investigation remains one of the most original and arresting accounts of the impact of the new industry and technology upon the landscape of England and the English mind. However, most typically, form is defined by a combination of these factors, as is the case in this print by Max Ernst. [7]. Chernyshevski anticipated Fry in pointing out that beauty in nature is entirely distinct from the aesthetic element in art. Chernyshevski’s conception, on the other hand, anticipates the theories of William Morris and of all modern exponents of ‘functional’ design. Klingender "Content and Form in Art" (437-9). And it also means that the aesthetic value of a work of art must in some way be related to the effect it produces, not merely in its own time, but as long as it survives. The first systematic account of Fry’s attitude to these questions is the important ‘Essay in Aesthetics’ of 1909. THE ART OF THE WANJINA. Life, reality in general, is more rich and varied, fuller and more significant than any figment of the imagination. Art in Theory, 1900–2000: An Anthology of Changing Ideas Charles Harrison , Paul J. Posted on May 17, 2017 in Faculty Picks. ‘The beautiful’, says Chernyshevski, ‘is an individual, live object and not an abstract thought’. Now this responsive action implies in actual life moral responsibility. I also admit that under certain conditions the rhythms of life and of art may coincide with great effect on both; but in the main the two rhythms are distinct, and as often as not play against each other. Francis Donald Klingender (1907 – 9 July 1955) was a Marxist art historian and exponent of Kunstsoziologie whose uncompromising views meant that he never quite fitted into the British art … Laurie Taylor. Marxism and Modern Art: An approach to social realism by F. D. Klingender 1943. [5] It is essential also in scientific perception. London, Routledge and K. Paul, 1971 Of all the critics who have helped to mould our present standards of appreciation none can equal the influence of Roger Fry, the founder of British post-impressionism. Stripped of its illusions, the ideal beauty depicted by art loses its power to console men for the imperfections of reality. Leon Trotsky: from Literature and Revolution 1922-23. To quote Fry’s own account, the discussion stimulated by the appearance of ‘post-impressionism’ revealed ‘that some artists who were peculiarly sensitive to the formal relations of works of art... had almost no sense of the emotions’ of life which he had supposed them to convey. To quote his own words: ‘Art, then, is an expression and a stimulus of the imaginative life, which is separated from actual life by the absence of responsive action. (source: Nielsen Book Data) Summary You see the sense of poetry is analogous to the things represented in painting. Forms and shapes can be thought of as positive or negative. It freed the artist from complete subservience to a false morality and enabled him to preserve something, at least, of his integrity. Lest any Fabian should be crude enough to suspect that the lecturer was referring to ordinary human beings, when he spoke of ‘life’, he hastened to explain: ‘And here let me try to say what I mean by life as contrasted with art. Genre/Form: History: Additional Physical Format: Online version: Klingender, F.D. Those capable of doing so are, he admits, but few: ‘in proportion as art becomes purer, the number of people to whom it appeals gets less’, [9] he had already told the Fabians in 1917. Marxism and Modern Art: An approach to social realism by F. D. Klingender 1943. (Francis Donald). And in so far as he communicates the image of his perception to his fellow men, the artist is morally responsible for it. The statement ‘this is beautifully painted’ means that the artist has succeeded in expressing what he intended to convey. The objects become entry points to knowledge and imagining, creating an in-between space to slip in and out of, with the objects acting as a sort of portal. Art and the Industrial Revolution. Art and the Industrial Revolution. Although, in his view, beauty is that which evokes life and although art reproduces what interests man in life, it by no means follows that art reproduces only what is beautiful in nature. His mother, also British, was Florence Hoette (Klingender) (d. 1944). Revolving Blades and Wheels from Olavs Magnus, History of the Northern Peoples, 1555 1 . Moreover, in its early stages art for art’s sake was not incompatible with a critical attitude to contemporary society. The aesthetic assumptions of realism were first systematically defined by N. G. Chernyshevski, a contemporary of Balzac and Daumier, Gogol, Aksakov and Shchedrin, whose thesis Life and Aesthetics was published in 1853. For Fry seeks the aesthetic element precisely in the contemplation of form apart from its purpose and divorced from the content which it forms. It was not, therefore, to the conflicts and the squalor of the real world that Tennyson returned, but to the sham idealism with which the Victorian squire and business man sought to conceal the contradictions of that world. Francis Klingender, Evelyn Antal, John P Harthan. On the one hand the poet is tempted and passionately desires to escape into the ‘God-like isolation’ of pure art, on the other hand he realizes that isolation will lead him to despair and death. To Fry, as to most other intellectuals of his generation, the first world war came as a shattering bolt from the blue. Leon Trotsky: from Literature and Revolution 1922-23. Their conception of good art and of its relation to life is thus on their own admission incompatible with the present need of reuniting art and the people. Louis Aragon et al. According to this, the purpose of art is 'de-familiarization'. Form may also be defined by change in texture, even when hue and value remain essentially consistent. In Art and Form Rose engages mainly with fellow authors in Nonsite, notably Todd Cronan and Patrick McCreless, noting intentionalist assumptions malgré eux, but his thesis is more strongly indebted to Michael Baxandall, Patterns of Intention: On the Historical Explanation of Pictures (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985). ‘The most universal of all things cherished by men and the one cherished more than anything else in the world is life itself; most of all the life men would like to live but also every other kind of life, for it is in any case better to live than not to live and all live things by their very nature are afraid of death, of extinction – and they all love life. Realism: Chernyshevski. Francis Klingender: 'Content and Form in Art' 1935. For Klingender, they exist in a form of duality, open and closed, individual and collective. It has an endless number of uses in the creation of art. Marxism and Modern Art: An approach to social realism by F. D. Klingender 1943. 1935. As Shklovsky wrote elsewhere: 'A new form appears not in order to express a new content, but in order to replace an old form, which has already lost its artistic value.' The haunting fear, the doubt that all was not as it appeared to be, the agony and the despair, which the Victorians tried to conceal under a mask of complacent decorum, break out with unsurpassed intensity in many of his poems. Even the best war film in dramatic power and intensity Fry ’ s work, for example would! What appears beautiful to man is that which he accepts as the complete realisation a. Imperfections of reality the purpose klingender content and form in art Art and Technology selected by Choice reviewer William S. Rodner thirteenth. 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